雖然龍(long)是十二(er)生肖中唯(wei)一虛(xu)構的動物,但人們對它(ta)有(you)一種特殊(shu)的感情。

　　在(zai)地名、河流、古建筑中,“龍”可是(shi)一個熟面孔。

　　北京有條“地名龍”

　　很多人都(dou)知道老舍先生(sheng)有篇作品叫《龍(long)須溝》,這不但是作品名,還是個真(zhen)實的地(di)名。其實,北京帶龍(long)的地(di)名很多,其中一(yi)些甚至可以(yi)組成一(yi)條(tiao)地(di)名龍(long)。

　　首先(xian)是龍頭。大興縣禮賢鄉有個村莊,相傳是明朝建(jian)立的,名字(zi)就叫(jiao)“龍頭”。原來這個莊的北面有一(yi)道沙崗(gang),是歷(li)史上定河泛濫淤(yu)積而成(cheng)的。這道沙崗(gang)高四(si)、五米,占地十(shi)余畝(mu),橫臥如龍,人稱“龍身(shen)”。后來在沙崗(gang)前(qian)(qian)建(jian)了(le)一(yi)座廟,廟前(qian)(qian)有兩個泉(quan),如同龍眼。由(you)這個廟演變成(cheng)村莊,就取了(le)“龍頭”這個名字(zi)。

　　龍(long)(long)(long)頭上(shang)有龍(long)(long)(long)嘴(zui)、龍(long)(long)(long)眼(yan)、龍(long)(long)(long)角、龍(long)(long)(long)須。在北京的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)地名中,除(chu)了(le)不見龍(long)(long)(long)角以外,還真(zhen)有龍(long)(long)(long)眼(yan)、龍(long)(long)(long)嘴(zui)、龍(long)(long)(long)須的(de)(de)地名呢(ni)!昌平縣高崖口鄉小(xiao)碾(nian)村(cun)有一(yi)常年(nian)吐著甜水的(de)(de)泉就叫(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)眼(yan)泉。門頭溝(gou)區大(da)峪南不遠(yuan)有一(yi)個水庫,名字叫(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)口水庫,口即嘴(zui)也(ye)(ye)。崇(chong)文(wen)區有名的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)須溝(gou),從(cong)天壇以北、以東,向東南流(liu)出(chu)北京城(cheng)外。這(zhe)條龍(long)(long)(long)須溝(gou)很可能是(shi)(shi)古(gu)代高梁河下(xia)游故道。大(da)概因為北京城(cheng)是(shi)(shi)明清兩(liang)代的(de)(de)都城(cheng),是(shi)(shi)自命為“真(zhen)龍(long)(long)(long)天子”的(de)(de)皇帝生活(huo)居住的(de)(de)地方,因此這(zhe)條河道也(ye)(ye)就有了(le)龍(long)(long)(long)須溝(gou)的(de)(de)美名。

　　龍(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)長(chang)在(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)身上(shang)(shang),北(bei)(bei)京的龍(long)(long)(long)地名(ming)中,與龍(long)(long)(long)身有關的就是(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)背(bei)村(cun)、龍(long)(long)(long)骨(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。龍(long)(long)(long)背(bei)村(cun)位于(yu)海(hai)淀區的西(xi)北(bei)(bei)部(bu),西(xi)依(yi)金山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),因山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)勢(shi)頗似(si)龍(long)(long)(long)背(bei),村(cun)名(ming)由此而(er)得。龍(long)(long)(long)骨(gu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)是(shi)(shi)中外(wai)馳名(ming)的一座(zuo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),在(zai)(zai)房山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區周(zhou)口店西(xi),因山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)上(shang)(shang)盛產(chan)中藥龍(long)(long)(long)骨(gu)而(er)得名(ming)。

　　江河名(ming)里(li)含(han)有“彩色龍”

　　龍能興云(yun)作(zuo)雨,和水(shui)關系(xi)非常密切。在古時候,哪(na)里(li)有深潭碧水(shui),人們就(jiu)稱(cheng)之為“龍潭”。哪(na)里(li)有旺盛的泉(quan)水(shui),人們就(jiu)視為“龍泉(quan)”。哪(na)里(li)有深澗峽谷(gu)之出口(kou)處,人們就(jiu)命(ming)名為“龍門”。哪(na)里(li)經(jing)常發生河(he)水(shui)泛濫,人們就(jiu)在附近修建龍王廟,祈(qi)求(qiu)龍王爺攘(rang)災保佑。

　　有人統計說,中國含“龍(long)(long)(long)”字的江(jiang)(jiang)河(he)(he),可查的就(jiu)有四(si)十多個,而我們熟識的黃、青(qing)、赤(chi)、白、黑(hei)(hei)龍(long)(long)(long),就(jiu)分別在四(si)川省(sheng)(黃龍(long)(long)(long)河(he)(he))、河(he)(he)北省(sheng)(青(qing)龍(long)(long)(long)河(he)(he)和赤(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)河(he)(he))、天(tian)津(青(qing)龍(long)(long)(long)灣(wan)河(he)(he)和黑(hei)(hei)龍(long)(long)(long)港河(he)(he))、甘肅(su)省(sheng)(白龍(long)(long)(long)江(jiang)(jiang))、上海(白龍(long)(long)(long)港河(he)(he))和黑(hei)(hei)龍(long)(long)(long)江(jiang)(jiang)省(sheng)(黑(hei)(hei)龍(long)(long)(long)江(jiang)(jiang))。幾乎每(mei)一省(sheng)都有龍(long)(long)(long)江(jiang)(jiang)、龍(long)(long)(long)湖(hu)、龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)、龍(long)(long)(long)洞、龍(long)(long)(long)泉、龍(long)(long)(long)潭,還有數不清(qing)的龍(long)(long)(long)王廟。

　　全國(guo)(guo)各地(di)以龍泉(quan)為(wei)名的地(di)方有好幾(ji)(ji)個(ge)。浙江省有龍泉(quan)縣,據說(shuo)(shuo)名字是由一柄(bing)“龍泉(quan)寶劍(jian)(jian)”而來(lai)。據說(shuo)(shuo),楚(chu)王聽說(shuo)(shuo)吳國(guo)(guo)有個(ge)干將,越國(guo)(guo)有個(ge)歐冶子,都是鑄(zhu)劍(jian)(jian)名家(jia)。于(yu)是派(pai)人用重金(jin)請兩位名家(jia)為(wei)楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)鑄(zhu)幾(ji)(ji)把(ba)鐵劍(jian)(jian)。二人應聘之后(hou),鑿(zao)通了茨山,把(ba)山中的溪水排(pai)干,找到(dao)了鐵礦精華(hua),鑄(zhu)成(cheng)三柄(bing)寶劍(jian)(jian),一曰(yue)龍淵(yuan)(yuan),一曰(yue)太(tai)阿,一曰(yue)工布(bu)。后(hou)來(lai)因避唐(tang)高(gao)祖李淵(yuan)(yuan)的諱(hui),龍淵(yuan)(yuan)劍(jian)(jian)便改(gai)稱(cheng)為(wei)龍泉(quan)劍(jian)(jian)。而浙江省龍泉(quan)縣城以南有一劍(jian)(jian)池湖,相傳就(jiu)是歐冶子鑄(zhu)劍(jian)(jian)的地(di)方,也(ye)稱(cheng)為(wei)龍淵(yuan)(yuan),因此此地(di)才(cai)稱(cheng)為(wei)龍泉(quan)。

　　浙江省(sheng)還有一(yi)處龍(long)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)是(shi)在嘉(jia)。據(ju)《水經注》說,泉(quan)(quan)(quan)眼之中水紋成為蛟龍(long)的形狀,牲畜都不敢在這里飲水。河南省(sheng)西(xi)平縣也有個龍(long)泉(quan)(quan)(quan),古(gu)書(shu)上說此泉(quan)(quan)(quan)水可以砥礪刀劍(jian),使刀鋒堅利。

　　龍的(de)雕刻(ke)數不勝數

　　用龍的(de)形象(xiang)作(zuo)為圖案和(he)(he)雕刻數(shu)不勝(sheng)數(shu)。大家耳熟能詳的(de)歷(li)史古建(jian)筑(zhu)文物,龍的(de)形象(xiang)就非常多見。例(li)如(ru),天安門華表(biao)上(shang)的(de)蟠龍、故宮保和(he)(he)殿后面的(de)云龍石(shi)階、北海的(de)九龍壁(bi)、北京孔廟(miao)的(de)飛龍丹陛、曲阜孔廟(miao)的(de)云龍石(shi)柱等等。這些龍雕,有(you)的(de)飄(piao)逸回旋于(yu)“波(bo)濤(tao)”之(zhi)上(shang),有(you)的(de)飛揚馳(chi)騁于(yu)“云海”之(zhi)間(jian),或起或伏,栩栩如(ru)生。

　　以山東(dong)曲阜孔廟為例,它正殿前有(you)十根浮雕水磨(mo)石(shi)柱,每根柱上有(you)云(yun)龍兩(liang)條回舞(wu)盤旋,遠望只見云(yun)龍飛(fei)舞(wu),不見石(shi)柱,為建筑史上罕見的雕刻珍品。

　　在中國古代,一般屋的脊線兩側通常有龍頭突起,叫做鴟吻,上面排有12個窯冶造型,第一個是仙人,后依次為龍鳳獅麒麟天馬海馬魚獬等。建筑群外圍墻的墻頭,用琉璃瓦砌成波浪起伏(fu)形(xing),一(yi)(yi)端塑上一(yi)(yi)個龍頭,就(jiu)成了“龍墻”,也別有趣味。 

　　有人考(kao)證說,在(zai)古代,龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象還(huan)是建筑物的(de)(de)(de)“保護神(shen)”。在(zai)我國古代建筑的(de)(de)(de)屋宇(yu)的(de)(de)(de)屋脊(ji)兩頭,有一個仰起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)頭,口吐出曲折的(de)(de)(de)金屬舌(she)頭,伸(shen)向天空,后根連接著一根細細的(de)(de)(de)絲,直通(tong)地下。這樣奇(qi)妙(miao)的(de)(de)(de)裝置,在(zai)發(fa)生雷(lei)擊的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou),電(dian)流會從(cong)龍(long)舌(she)沿線下行地底,起(qi)到了(le)避(bi)雷(lei)針的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。

　　據(ju)說(shuo),我國在三國和南北朝(chao)時期的(de)建筑物(wu),就曾有這種“龍的(de)舌(she)頭”。那(nei)時神州大地,廟宇(yu)、古(gu)塔如林,“南朝(chao)四百八十寺,多少(shao)樓臺煙(yan)雨(yu)中”,但遭受雷擊的(de)記載卻很(hen)少(shao)見。當然(ran),不是(shi)(shi)神靈保佑,而是(shi)(shi)“龍的(de)舌(she)頭”的(de)神奇(qi)保護作用。